iFacts | The Linnaeus Apostles

iLINNAEUS “tools” connect digital services to explore the Linnaeus Apostles’ 50+ years of scientific voyages (1745–1799). iFACTS presents biographical facts, iMAPS visualises their journeys, iLOG manages projects and enables iFellows to ADD KNOWLEDGE, iINDEX enables comprehensive search of 5,500 free-to-read iBOOKS pages, and all are continuously updated and interlinked.

These “tools” or departments serve as bridges linking the various works in the iLINNAEUS to their subjects. We invite all interested individuals or organisations to explore this site’s ever-growing scholarly knowledge of Natural & Cultural History.

Anton Rolandsson Martin

Date of Birth	3 August 1729.
Place of Birth	The manor house Mijntenhoff (now Mündi, district Jerwen, Estonia) near the town Weissenstein (now Paide).
Date of Death	30 January 1785.
Place of Death	Turku [Åbo], Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Anton Rolandson Martin in ‘Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar’ (The Royal Academy of Sciences’ Transactions).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, Justice of appeal Roland Martin. Mother, Ulrica Charlotta Rothkirch/Rotkirch. The family moved in the early 1730s to Stockholm, where the parents had lived before Anton’s birth. The family moved to Turku [Åbo] in Finland, mid 1730s. The family returned to Stockholm, 1741-1743. He returned to Finland 1743; student Åbo Academy, signed in 26 June 1745. Rolandsson Martin studied foremost music; but also languages, botany and physics. During this period in Åbo, he also made botanical excursions. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 2 September 1756. He studied predominantly natural history during two years. Graduate in Medicine, 15 April 1761.
Professional Life	Parallel with studies; he worked as a musician in Åbo Academy’s chapel 1749-1753. He moved to Stockholm 1753, worked as a tutor until 1756. Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1756. After the journeys 1758-1760; his plan was to practise as a physician and complete his Doctorate in Uppsala. But he became ill with gangrene and was forced after a longer period of illness - February 1762 - to amputate one of his legs. Anton Rolandsson Martin returned to Finland 1763 where he during periods lived in; Fredrikshamn, Valkeala, Helsingfors and Lovisa. He managed his daily life with scholarships added with small yearly maintenances from The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm and Åbo Academy. He lived in Turku [Åbo] from 1770.
Journeys & Voyages	He journeyed with a whaling expedition to the Arctic in 1758 which lasted only three months. As far as is known, Martin only managed to get ashore a few hours at Spitsbergen and made very few discoveries of consequence. His major scientific contribution was the description of the petrel, which he named as Procellaria glacialis (now known as Fulmarus glacialis). (The journey was financed with 600 daler kopparmynt [rix-dollar copper coin] from The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Rolandsson Martin also borrowed scientific instruments as thermometers and a compass from the Academy). Journey to Norway, midsummer 1759 via the fjelds of Jämtland in Sweden towards Trondheim, sea route to Christiansand and later to Bergen where he stayed a whole year. Returned to Sweden via Malmö during the autumn 1760, where after he travelled by land to Uppsala. (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences also contributed financially to this journey, but Rolandsson Martin had severe economical difficulties during the journey and returned home destitute).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His diary was first published in 1881. Dagbok hållen vid en resa till Norrpolen eller Spitsbergen...1758. Ymer tidskrift 1881, Stockholm 1882. Meteorologiska Observationer, gjorde på en Resa til Spitsbärgen, published in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, Oct., Nov., Dec. 1758. Beskrifning på en Procellaria, som finnes vid Norr-polen, published in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, Vol. 20A, April, May, June 1759. ‘Tal om de Norska hushålning...1761’, manuscript, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. (First published in an English translation 2007 in The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science and Adventure, Vol. 2 Book 1, and in a Swedish transcription in Svenska Linnésällskapets Årsskrift 2010). Hansen, Lars, ed., Naturae Observatio Spitsbergen: Science Expeditions, London 2025 (This work is dedicated to the memory of the Linnaeus apostle Anton Rolandsson Martin).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	One single herbarium plant, Linnaean Herbarium in Stockholm. (Cochlearia groenlandica). Rock specimen, a quartzite with intercalations of grey slate bands dotted with tiny pyrite crystals. Department of Geosciences at the Swedish Museum of Natural Sciences. Original manuscripts; 1-4. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. 1. ‘Tal om de Norskas Hushållning’ (Talk on Norwegian Housekeeping). 2. ‘Vita Auctoris’ (auto-biographical notes in Latin). 3. ‘Självbiografiska anteckningar’ (auto-biographical notes). 4. Other manuscripts by Anton Rolandsson Martin. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence. (14 letters to Linnaeus, 1759-1770).
Extra Notes	Anton Rolandsson Martin’s journey to Spitsbergen lasted only three months and mainly at sea, but is still seen as an important pioneer to later arctic explorers.
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Johan Peter Falck

Date of Birth	26 November 1732.
Place of Birth	Kockstorp, Västergötland, Sweden.
Date of Death	31 March 1774.
Place of Death	Kazan, Russia.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Johann Peter Falk (in his travel journal Beyträge zur Topographischen Kenntniss...). Joh. P. Falck (in letters to Linnaeus). Ivan Petrovitj (named himself, during his time in St. Petersburg).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, judicial adviser Peter Falck. Mother, Beata Winge. Studies, in Ulricehamn and Skara gymnasium. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 6 September 1751. He defended a Linnaean dissertation (Planta Alströmeria) in botany, 23 June 1762.
Professional Life	He worked during some of his student years as tutor for Carl Linnaeus’ son Carl. Curator, Kruse’s Cabinet of Natural History, St. Petersburg, from September 1763. He was appointed as Professor in medicine and botany 1765, Collegium medicum, St. Petersburg, together with curator ship for the botanical garden. He was conferred an honorary doctor’s degree in Uppsala 1772, (Falck probably never received this message).
Journeys & Voyages	Copenhagen, Denmark, September 1760. (He planned a journey to Arabia in company with Peter Forsskål, the journey was never realised for Falck). From Stockholm to St. Petersburg, Russia, September 1763. He participated in the Russian expedition (5 September 1768 - 31 March 1774) organised by the eminent German scientist Peter Simon Pallas together with J. G. Georgi and S. G. Gmelin. Part of the expedition reached the borders of China and Falck travelled in present day Russia and Kazakstan.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Herr Joh. Pet. Falck: Beyträge zur Topographischen Kenntniss des Russischen Reichs 1785-1786, (ed. J.G. Georgi).
Civil Status & Family	Unknown, probably never married.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Falcks’ travel journal, correspondence and further unpublished material related to his Russian journey, St. Petersburg, Archives of Russian Academy of Sciences. Falck’s collected natural history objects from the Russian journey, Herbarium Komarov Botanical Institute in St. Petersburg. Small collections of herbarium plants related to Falck; Bergius Herbarium and Swedish Museum of Natural History, both in Stockholm, Thunberg Herbarium in Uppsala, and The Linnean Society of London. Correspondence between Falck and Carl Linnaeus, Uppsala University Library. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence. (Altogether 13 letters to Linnaeus 1763- 1768, and one letter from Linnaeus to Falck in 1772).
Extra Notes	Falck was the Linnaeus apostle who travelled the longest distance on land. Carl Peter Thunberg named the plant genus Falckia - within the Convolvulaceae family - to Falck’s memory in 1776. Besides his detailed research in natural history, Falck also accomplished ethnographical observations of significance during his long journey in Russia.
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Pehr Kalm

Date of Birth	March 1716.
Place of Birth	Ångermanland, Sweden.
Date of Death	16 November 1779.
Place of Death	Turku [Åbo], Finland.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Buried, St Marie churchyard Turku [Åbo]. Memorial monument at the same churchyard. With the text; “Pehr Kalm Natus 1716 Denatus 1779 in Academia Aboensi Professor Oeconomiae Pastor Ecclesiae Sanctae Mariae”. Memorial medal, “Pehr Kalm Prof. Oecon. Aboensis. N. MDCCXVI. OB. MDCCLXXIX”. Memorial stamp of Pehr Kalm, 1979, Finland.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Yes, very occasionally in letters; Petrus or Petter as first name.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Oil on canvas, signed J. G. Geitel, c. 1764, (Some uncertainty remains if the portrait depicts Kalm). [Source; Satakunta Museum, Björneborg, Finland].
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, chaplain Gabriel Kalm. Mother, Catharina Ross. His father died before the son Pehr’s birth or shortly after. The mother returned to Finland 1721 after the peace of Nystad and took up residence in Vasa. A place where the parents had lived before they found it necessary to find a safe place in Ångermanland before the war. Studies, Vasa, Finland. Student, Åbo Akademi, Finland signed in 1735; started with theology, but he soon concentrated on studies in natural history. Student, Uppsala University, signed in autumn 1740. At the same time - 1740 - Sten Carl Bielke, Lövsta (Löfstad) Manor close to Uppsala, took Kalm under his protection. This was a turning point for the young student Kalm - as without financial difficulties - could wholehearted devote his time for academic studies in natural history, but also curated Bielke’s natural history collections and vegetable garden.
Professional Life	Kalm made experimental cultivations, looked after Bielke’s herbarium and generally helping Bielke with natural history matters at Lövsta (Löfstad) Manor 1740-1747. Member of the The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1745. Senior lecturer in natural history and economy, Åbo Academy, Finland 1746. Professor in OEconomy, Åbo Academy, Finland 31 August 1747. He completed his travel journal after his return home from America, autumn 1751-1752, although some parts of the extensive manuscript were lost in a fire. Kalm continued his Professor’s situation at Åbo Academy 1752, as academic lecturer and whilst also working with his experimental cultivations and academic writing. Economical difficulties increased through the years, so Kalm decided to ordain as a priest to make a more secure future for his family, but this choice of added profession also became a larger work load. His clerical work was managed besides his Professors duties. First as prebend in Pikis 1757-1763 and from 1763 in St: Marie, both parishes in Turku [Åbo]. Kalm was also one of the promoters of the Åbo Academy’s botanical garden, 1757. Doctor in theology 1768. Fellow of The Royal Patriotic Society 1772. Fellow of The Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg 1777. Kalm was active until his last year of life, with his undertakings mentioned above. However his health deteriorated during his last years of life; foremost with bad eyesight, troublesome head- and toothaches.
Journeys & Voyages	(Kalm’s journeys between the years 1740-1745, was financed by Sten Carl Bielke). Summer 1740; south of Finland, Tavastland, Savolaks and Karelen. Summer 1741; Roslagen and Västmanland, Sweden. Summer 1742; Bohuslän and Västergötland, Sweden. Spring 1744; Russia, in company with Sten Carl Bielke. Late summer 1745; the southern part of Västergötland, Sweden. He travelled to North America where he made numerous natural and cultural historical observations. The journey started 5 October 1747 from Löfstad to Göteborg, by ship 30 November towards Norway where he visited Grömstad, Arendal and Kristiansand. He travelled to London 28 January 1748 where he arrived 7 February. Kalm stayed in England until 25 July, when he sailed towards America and anchored in the road of Philadelphia 15 September. Kalm’s travels in North America was concentrated to the areas; Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the southern part of present day Canada. He left the continent via Philadelphia, 13 February 1751 and arrived in London late April and stayed there very briefly before leaving for Gothenburg and arrived in Stockholm 3 June 1751. (The American journey was principally financed by his Professorship in OEconomy at Åbo Academy).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Wästgötha och Bohusländska resa 1742, published 1746. Kalm began publishing his experiences and discoveries in 1753. En Resa til Norra America; Vol. I 1753, Vol. II 1756 and Vol. III 1761. Also published in English 1770-1771. The most complete publication of the original diary written in Swedish; Resejournal över resan till Norra America. (Part 1 and 2, published by Martii Kerkkonen & John E. Roos, Helsingfors 1966 and 1970. Part 3 and 4 published by John E. Roos & Harry Krogerus, Helsingfors 1985 and 1988). ‘Pehr Kalms Amerikanska reseräkning’, (published by, Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1956). Kalm published; 142 smaller theses primarily related to zoology, botany and economical observations from a utilitarian point of view related to his studies in America, Sweden and Finland.
Civil Status & Family	Married to Anna Margareta Sandin, (maiden name, Sjöman) January or February 1750 in Amerika. Stepdaughter from Anna Margareta’s first marriage. Kalm’s family was extended with several children, unknown how many. Kalm and his family lived at Sipsalo close to Turku [Åbo]. A property he had at his disposal through Åbo Academy - from 1752 - where he as well had large experimental cultivations and plantations. The family moved to another property in connection to the botanical garden of Åbo Academy during the autumn 1757, but Kalm was still also managing the plantations at Sipsalo.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Herbarium collection with c. 400 plant species, The Linnean Society in London. Herbarium collection with c. 380 plant species, Uppsala Botanical Museum, Uppsala University. Smaller collections of herbarium plants from North America; Linnaean Herbarium, Swedish Museum of Natural History and Bergius Herbarium both in Stockholm, Natural History Museum London, Gray Herbarium at Harvard University, New York Botanical Garden and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. American butterflies and insects, donated by Kalm to Lovisa Ulrika’s Cabinet of Natural History at Drottningholm Castle. Today; Uppsala University Zoological Institution (The Museum of Evolution). Notes “angående nyttan af våra inländska växter”, Uppsala University Library. Pehr Kalm’s original travel journal, Helsinki University Library, Finland. “Plantae Fennicae..., List of plants and grasses useful for cattle fodder..., Descriptions of North American plants..., manuscripts by Kalm, The Linnean Society of London. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence. (40 letters from Kalm to Linnaeus, 2 letters from Linnaeus to Kalm).
Extra Notes	Pehr Kalm’s detailed observations was met with great interest by scientists during the 20th century, and his travel journal has been published in many editions through the years, also in North America where Kalm is well known. The North American seeds grew and developed badly in the Nordic climate, which became a disappointment for both Kalm and Linnaeus. They had put in great hope to that the useful plants - collected by Kalm - would grow and thrive just as good here as in North America. Pehr Kalm’s life can be followed with unusual exactness, for the reason of his extensive correspondence. The plant genus Kalmia L. (family Ericaceae) was named by Linnaeus after Pehr Kalm. Kalm’s personal herbarium and some manuscripts were destroyed by fire in Turku [Åbo] 1827.
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Pehr Löfling

Date of Birth	20 January 1729.
Place of Birth	Tolvfors, Valbo, Gästrikland, Sweden.
Date of Death	22 February 1756.
Place of Death	San Antonio de Caroni, Guayana, Venezuela.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Burial ground, Las ruinas de Las Misiones del Caroni, Ciudad Guayana, Bolivar, Venezuela. Stamp (year 1980) to the 250-years’ memory of Pehr Löfling’s birth, “ 250 anos del nacimiento de Pedro Loefling”. Venezuela.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Pedro Loefling (in documents from Spain and Venezuela). Petri Loefling (in his own travel journal Iter Hispanicum eller Resa til Spanska Länderna uti Europa och America).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, mill works’ bookkeeper Erik Löfling. Mother, Barbro Strandman. He was educated by private tutor at home. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 11 February 1743. Löfling started with theology, but concentrated later on medicine and natural history. Bachelor of Philosophy and he defended a thesis for Linnaeus, 18 November 1749. Unusually, the thesis “de Gemmae arborum” was authored mainly by the respondent, i.e. Löfling, not by Linnaeus. Doctor of Medicine 1751.
Professional Life	Löfling worked at times as tutor for Carl Linnaeus’ son Carl, for food and lodging. The young student also helped out in Uppsala Botanical Garden together with completion of fair copies and registers for Linnaeus’ publications including the dictated text for Philosophia botanica (1751). Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 27 April 1751. Spanish Royal botanicus with Professor’s name 1753. Head of the natural history work during the Spanish Great Border Drawing Expedition to South America, during the management of José de Iturriaga, January 1754 until Löfling’s death in February 1756. Fellow of Royal Society of Sciences, Uppsala.
Journeys & Voyages	16 May 1751, he travelled with an East India Company ship from Gothenburg to Oporto in Portugal. The journey continued by land towards Madrid, arrival 9 October 1751. (The Swedish East India Company paid for his journey to Spain and the Spanish Embassy for Löfling’s stay in Madrid). Löfling stayed approximately for two years in the regions, in and around Madrid, where he managed to collect and arrange a large number of plants into a herbarium. During periods he was also more or less idle, waiting for the South American journey to take place. He left Madrid 20 October 1753 and arrived in Cadiz 5 November. (Löfling was employed as responsible for the natural history work during both the journey and stay in South America). The ship sailed from Cadiz 28 January 1754 and arrived to Cumana in Venezuela early April the same year. This was the expeditions’ base camp during the following half year. Early in 1755 Löfling travelled by land towards the mission station in Guayana, to be able to collect as many plants as possible, he arrived 29 April. The majority of the expedition members travelled instead by sea, which was seen as safer. The year 1755 was a difficult for Löfling, he suffered repeated attacks of fever which caused his death in February the following year.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Iter hispanicum eller Resa til Spanska Länderna uti Europa och America, förrättad ifrån år 1751 til år 1756. Published posthumously by Carl Linnaeus 1758. Anteckningar och anmärkningar under resa från Madrid till Cadiz den 20 October 1753 af Pehr Löfling. Published in Svenska Linnésällskapets Årsskrift, 1925.
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Letter book, passport, written documents by Löfling’s hands to a total of 1.700 manuscript pages, 200 drawings, water-colours and two maps. Archive, Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid (Real Jardin Botánico). Herbarium plants; Linnaean Herbarium, London, Bergius Herbarium and Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Letters from Pehr Löfling to his parents, Carl Linnaeus etc., in several Swedish archives; Lund’s University Library, Karolinska Institute, National Archives, Uppsala University Library and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. “9 pen and ink drawings of plants..., Descriptiones Epistolares..., Förteckning på de örter, som sändas ifrån Madrid..., diagnosis of a bird from Madrid..., vermis reptilis quidam...”, manuscripts by Löfling and 250 specimens of herbarium plants; The Linnean Society of London. Fish specimens from Spain, The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnaean Correspondence (32 letters 1752-1754, and 18 letters from Linnaeus to Löfling 1751-1754).
Extra Notes	Löfling was at times living in the Linnaeus household, and by his master named as “most dear and best pupil”. A Spanish herb has been named by Linnaeus after Löfling, Loeflingia hispanica. (family Caryophyllaceae). Löfling’s South American collections are lost.
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Daniel Rolander

Date of Birth	20 March 1723.
Place of Birth	Stibbetorp, Hälleberga, Småland, Sweden.
Date of Death	9/10 August 1793.
Place of Death	Lund, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown. Rolander was buried north of the cathedral church in Lund on the burial ground for the poor, but there are no trace today after Rolander’s grave.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Unknown.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Parents, Farmers, Jon Persson and Kirstin Jonsdotter. Växjö cathedral school, autumn 1736. Växjö gymnasium, autumn 1741. Student, Uppsala University 1744, primarily theology but also natural history under Linnaeus. He received the “Thunska stipendiet”, 1752.
Professional Life	He worked during some of his student years (1751-1754) as tutor for Carl Linnaeus’ son Carl, for food and lodging. Rolander published his entomological observations in The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ Transactions, 1750-1755. He was employed as manager for the hospital garden of the Seraphim hospital in Stockholm, January 1757. Rolander lost his employment in the hospital garden 1761, and moved to Copenhagen with his collections from Suriname. He lived in Copenhagen until 1765, most probably he tried to get his observations from Suriname published during this time, when this was not possible he sold his collections to carry on with his day to day life. He moved back to Sweden and lived in Landskrona 1765-1770. His life here was primarily financed through support from the General Major Strussenfeldt and the Head of Division to the Board of Commerce Arvid Schauw, who both encouraged his work. During this period Rolander also made an inventory over the island Ven’s botanical and zoological life. Rolander moved to Lund 1770 where he received a university grant, for the period autumn 1770 to spring 1775. In this position he also helped the Professor of Natural History at Lund University Eric Gustaf Lidbeck in his work. Rolander’s last 18 years are more uncertain and it is believed that he lived in poverty and ill health. Foremost Lidbeck - also a former pupil of Linnaeus and other professors in Lund - helped him financially in his difficult situation.
Journeys & Voyages	Journey to Suriname; 21 October 1754 via Ystad, northern Germany and Amsterdam. The ship sailed from Texel towards Suriname 12 April and arrived 20 June 1755. Rolander served as a private tutor to the children of Carl Gustaf Dahlberg and stayed c. seven months in the country. He started his return journey towards Sweden on 22 January 1756 via the Caribbean island, St. Eustache to Amsterdam, Hamburg, Wismar and he was back in Stockholm 2 October 1756. (Rolander’s journey was financed through ‘Thunska stipendiet’, 200 daler kopparmynt [rix-dollar copper coin] from Carl Linnaeus and 600 daler kopparmynt from Baron Charles De Geer. For the return journey The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, whom were also helping him with his expenses).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His journal exists in a single Latin manuscript copy in the Danish Botanical Library. It is called ‘Diarium Surinamicum, quod sub itinere exotico conscripsit Daniel Rolander, tomus I & II. 1754-1756’. The Danish professor C. F. Rottboell used some of Rolander’s diary and herbarium material as the basis for several botanical treatises in the late 18th century. Rolander had sold the diary and some of the herbarium to Rottboell and C. Kratzenstein, a colleague of Rottboell. Besides several selections limited to a few pages or passages, the Diarium Surinamicum has never so far been published in Latin. First published in an English translation 2008 in The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure, Vol. 3 Book 3.
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	A smaller part of the herbarium plants collected in Suriname and Rolander’s travel journal in Latin, ‘Diarium Surinamicum...’, Botanical Garden & Museum Library, Copenhagen. A major collection of herbarium plants (several hundreds) from Suriname, Bergius Herbarium in Stockholm. Several specimens of Rolander’s botanical collections from Suriname; The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Thunberg Herbarium in Uppsala and the Botanical Museum in Helsinki. Insect specimens from Suriname, The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Extract from a memorandum concerning medicinal plants used in Suriname and a smaller collection of herbarium plants, The Linnean Society of London. Letters from Rolander, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Letters from Rolander to Eric Gustav Lidbeck, Lund University Library. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnaean Correspondence. (Three letters from Rolander to Linnaeus and three letters from Linnaeus to Rolander).
Extra Notes	Rolander’s special interest in the area of natural history was entomology. Rolander’s disagreement with Linnaeus after the Suriname journey was never solved. Rolander’s achievements in natural history was for a long time underestimated, but later years research indicates that his scientific work related to botany and entomology was of great significance, although many of his scientific novelties remained unpublished. The Neotropic plant genus Rolandra (family Asteraceae) was named by Rottboell after Daniel Rolander.
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Göran Rothman

Date of Birth	30 November 1739.
Place of Birth	Husebybruk, Småland, Sweden.
Date of Death	4 December 1778.
Place of Death	Stockholm, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Yes, occasionally George as first name.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, district medical officer and senior master Johan Stensson Rothman. Mother, Anna Elisabeth Rudebeck. School-attendance in Växjö (Cathedral school and gymnasium). Student, Uppsala University, signed in 30 November 1757. He studied medicine as well as natural history under Linnaeus. Bachelor of Philosophy 1760. Master of Philosophy 1761. Doctor of Medicine 1763.
Professional Life	Rothman moved to Stockholm after his degree - Doctor of Medicine - 1763, and practised as a physician. Parallel he got deeper into studying; physics, anatomy and obstetrics. Collegium medicum sent him - 28 August to 23 September 1766 to Åland (island between Sweden and Finland) - the reason was a fever of similar kind as malaria which raged the island. Rothman was seen as the most capable physician to find a cure for the illness. Secretary at the Collegium medicum from the years 1766-1773. Quarantine doctor in Stockholm archipelago 1770-1772. The first months after his return from the Tripolitanian journey 1776, Rothman primarily earned a living by smaller translation work. This was a side-line occupation he had had during his whole professional life; foremost in translating opera, drama and poetry. He was appointed assessor in Collegium medicum on the 10 December 1776, without salary.
Journeys & Voyages	Rothman worked in Tunisia and Libya from 1773 to 1776 for The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Circumstances prevented his work from being as comprehensive as hoped. The journey started from Stockholm 8 August 1773 by land via Helsingborg, ship to Helsingör and Copenhagen, he returned to Helsingör where the ship sailed towards Kattegat, Skagerrak, The North Sea, The English Channel, through Gibraltar Straits to Tunis. The journey continued later towards Tripoli, excursions by land and smaller boat trips was accomplished in the area. The return journey started 23 April 1776 and he arrived back in Stockholm 19 July the same year. (The journey was financed by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences with 2.000 daler koppar mynt [rix-dollar copper coin] and scientific instruments as thermometers, microscopes etc. There was still a lack of money for Rothman, so he had to ask the Academy for additional funds, to have the possibility to travel home. He received further more 1.200 d. kmt. at his return home to cover expenses from the journey).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	The diary; ‘Resa till Tripoli år 1773 af G. Rothman’. (First published in an English translation ‘Journey to Tripoli in 1773 to 1776 by Göran Rothman’ in 2009 for The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure Vol. 4). Letters from Göran Rothman to the secretary Pehr Wargentin at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm; dated from December 1773 to 20 August 1776. (These letters were published together with the above mentioned diary in 2009 for The Linnaeus Apostles Global Science & Adventure Vol. 4).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	His diary ‘Resa till Tripoli år 1773-1776’ and letters to the secretary Pehr Wargentin; The Royal Academy of Sciences, Bergius Collection, Stockholm. The manuscripts are today deposited in the Stockholm University Library. Herbarium plants collected during the Tripolitanian journey, some of them are added with Rothman’s name, notes and observations; the Bergius Herbarium and The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Thunberg Herbarium in Uppsala and Botanical Museum in Helsinki.
Extra Notes	Göran Rothman’s father Johan Stensson Rothman, was a teacher and mentor to the young Carl Linnaeus at Växjö Cathedral school. Carl Peter Thunberg named a plant sent home from Cape after Rothman, as Rothmannia capensis Thunb., sometimes called Wild Gardenia or Candle-wood.
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Fredrik Hasselquist

Date of Birth	3 January 1722.
Place of Birth	Törnevalla, Östergötland, Sweden.
Date of Death	9 February 1752.
Place of Death	The vicinity of Smyrna, Turkey.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Fredrik Hasselquist originally had his grave at the English churchyard in Buca, but it is not longer in place. (Source; Ingmar Karlsson, Foreign Ministry Sweden; The consul in Ismir has visited the churchyard in Buca and established that the oldest part of the present day churchyard situated by the British church, only has remaining gravestones since the 1860s). Memorial plate, Törnevalla church, Östergötland, Sweden.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Fredric Hasselquist (in his travel journal, Resa till det heliga landet år 1749 til 1752). Frederic/Fredric Hasselquist (in signature of correspondence).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait engraving with the name ‘Friedrich Hasselquist’ added, undated. [source; Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Digital Portrait Collection Port-00083367-01]
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, priest Magnus Hasselquist. Mother, Helena Maria Pontin. Very poor childhood, sickly mother and his father died when Fredrik was 12. The boy had some support from his uncle David Pontin, but he also died when Fredrik was 14. Studies, Linköping school and gymnasium. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 12 October 1741. He studied foremost medicine and natural history under Carl Linnaeus in Uppsala. Hasselquist defended a Linnaean thesis 20 June 1747 in Uppsala, the dissertation Vires plantarum concerning the effectiveness of the plants was perhaps largely authored by the respondent. He studied Arabic at Uppsala, as a preparation for his upcoming journey to Palestine. Hasselquist defended a second thesis in medicine 23 February 1749 in Stockholm, entitled Theses medicae. He became Doctor of Medicine, Uppsala 8 March 1751; during his stay in Egypt.
Professional Life	He practised as a physician parallel with his studies, end of 1740s. Member of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, 1747.
Journeys & Voyages	He travelled to Egypt and Palestine in 1749 to document and learn about biblical plants and animals. From Stockholm 7 August 1749, to Smyrna 27 November, Alexandria 13 May 1750, from Cairo in March 1751 towards Damiette and Jaffa 1 April. Jerusalem, Jeriko, The Dead Sea, Bethlehem, Tiberia, Nazareth and Tabor were visited before leaving for Cyprus and later Smyrna. Although he died during his travels, his collections and notes were eventually sent to Sweden. (Hasselquist’s journey was financed by several academic scholarships together with collected funds from various institutions and private persons. There was still not enough funds to cover the costs during the journey, so he was obliged to put himself into debt to be able to carry on his mission. His debts were paid by the Swedish Queen Lovisa Ulrika, and his collections thus came to Sweden).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His works were published in 1757. Iter Palaestinum eller Resa til Heliga Landet, 1749-1752. Published posthumously by Carl Linnaeus 1757, and translated to four languages. Autograph-book which Hassequist carried with him during his journeys, Linköping’s Stiftsbibliotek (diocese library).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Herbarium plants and insect samples, Uppsala University Botanical and Zoological Institutions; The Museum of Evolution. Smaller collections of herbarium plants relating to Hasselquist; The Linnean Society of London, Stockholm Linnaean Herbarium and Bergius Herbarium, Stockholm. Scientific notes from Smyrna, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm and National Library, Stockholm. Mummy from Egypt, Lund University Historical Museum. (The mummy has not been able to be traced 2009). Sarcophagus and a few other items of Oriental origin, Lovisa Ulrika’s Cabinet of Natural history, Drottningholm Castle, Stockholm. Letters to P. W. Wargentin from Hasselquist, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Notes from Hasselquist’s botanical lectures in Stockholm. Uppsala University Library. Letters to and from Carl Linnaeus from Hasselquist, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence. (Four letters from Linnaeus, 1750 and 19 letters from Hasselquist to Linnaeus, 1749-1751). “Partes fructificationis..., Förteckning på Herr Fredrich Hasselquists..., Index descriptionum naturalium... Anmärkningar gjorde i Aegypten af Frederic Hasselquist...”, manuscripts by Hasselquist, The Linnean Society of London.
Extra Notes	Hasselquist was able in poetry writing and verse during his study time in Uppsala. Hasselquist was heavily in debt by his death, his collection was for this reason kept by the creditor in Smyrna. Carl Linnaeus managed to advise and persuade Queen Lovisa Ulrika - who already owned a significant cabinet of curiosities and natural history specimens at Drottningholm Castle - to purchase the collection 1754 for the sum of 14.000 dlr kmt [rix-dollar copper coin]. The collection consisted of large amounts of natural-history objects, manuscripts, antiques and ethnographica from the visited areas during his travels. As a memorial to Hasselquist, Linnaeus named the genus of umbelliferous plants Hasselquistia, which is now a synonym of the generic name Tordylium. Another species of Tordylium has been named T. hasselquistiae DC.
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Peter Forsskål

Date of Birth	11 January 1732.
Place of Birth	Helsinki, Finland.
Date of Death	11 July 1763.
Place of Death	Yarim [Jerim], Jemen.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Medal of Peter Forsskål, 1922, The Swedish Academy, Stockholm. Memorial stamp of Peter Forsskål, 1979, Finland.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Petrus Forsskål (in his diary, ‘Resa till Lycklige Arabien’). Petr. Forsskål, Pet. Forsskål and P. Forsskål (in correspondence with Linnaeus). Pehr Forsskål (on an engraving of unknown origin). In literature he can alternatively be named Peter, Petter, Petrus or Pehr as first name. His surname can also be found in varying Swedish, Danish, German and Latin variations principally; Forsskål, Forsskåhl, Forsskaal, Forskal, Forskaolii, Forsskaolii or Forskaohlii. Forsskål is still the most used.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait of Peter Forsskål, detail from lithograph “Kon. Gustaf IIIs Samtida”. Lithograph and print by Hårdh & Co. [Source; Markku Haverinen, Wadströmska Collection (Antellska Collection), Museiverket, Finland]. Portrait of Peter Forsskål, ca 1760. Oil on canvas, probably by Paul Dahlman. Owner: Uppsala University, Sweden. Small depiction in one of Forsskål’s autograph-books, illustrating Forsskål and Seidelin hunting butterflies at Göttingen. Painted by his fellow-student Frederik Seidelin, added with brief notes in Latin and dated 1755. Portrait in ‘Svenskt Pantheon’, seventeenth part, Stockholm 1834. The same portrait as above was printed during the 1840s, as a group portrait. Peter Forsskål here depicted as one of eight famous men accompanied by the King, named “Kon. Gustaf IIIs Samtida”, The National Museum of Finland. Engraving of Peter Forsskål, of unknown origin, The National Museum of Finland. Medal of Peter Forsskål, 1922, The Swedish Academy, Stockholm.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, vicar Johan Forsskål. Mother, Margareta Kolbeck, she died 1735. The family moved to Sweden 1741, and his father was appointed vicar in Tegelsmora, Uppland. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 27 November 1742, (probably in combination with home studies during his early university years). The family moved to Stockholm 1746, where his father was appointed vicar in the Finnish parish, later in the Maria parish. He received the “Guthermuthska stipendiet’’ January 1751. (This scholarship made it possible for Forsskål to travel abroad for further studies). Theological exam, 26 March 1751. Göttingen University, Germany; to study theology, philosophy and Oriental philology, signed in 13 October 1753. Bachelor and Master of philosophy in Göttingen, 12 June 1756. He returned to Uppsala University during the autumn of 1756, foremost studying economy.
Professional Life	Senior lecturer in economy, Uppsala University, spring 1759. He was appointed a Danish situation 1759, and received the title of Professor.
Journeys & Voyages	Copenhagen, Denmark, September 1760. He joined a Danish expedition to Arabia; sailed 7 January 1761 with the ship Grönland. Marseille 14 May, Constantinople 30 July - 11 September, stayed in Egypt for c. one year until October 1762, 29 December 1762 to Arabia where Forsskål died in Yemen 11 July 1763. (Forsskål was appointed as the natural historian of the expedition, he also received a yearly salary of 500 rdl. [rix dollar] during the two years before the journey. Together with the privilege to collect a Danish pension after the return home, which never became realised for Forsskål).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Resa till lycklige Arabien - Petrus Forsskåls dagbok 1761- 1763. (Published 1950, Svenska Linnésällskapet. The Diary was transcribed by Henrik Schück, after a fair copy of other hand than Forsskål’s and probably incomplete. Forsskål’s original diary has for an unknown reason and at an unknown point of time gone missing). Two autograph-books which Forsskål carried with him during his journeys, The Royal Library, Copenhagen. “The Plants of Pehr Forsskal’s Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica”. Published 1775 by Carsten Niebuhr. (The results of the expedition were first published in the 1770s and have been frequently republished ever since. Den Arabiske Rejse 1761-1767. En dansk ekspedition set i videnskapbshistorisk perspektiv, ed. Stig T. Rasmussen 1992).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Herbarium plants, The Botanical Museum, Copenhagen “Herbarium Forsskaolii”. (The herbarium contains 1.750 plants with descriptions. The collection held originally 2.093 samples, as described by Forsskål in “Flora Aegyptiaco- Arabica”). Herbarium plants, Lund’s Botanical Institution, (c. 200 plants are included in Forsskål’s herbarium), and Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm (c. 150 specimens). Smaller collections or single specimens only of herbarium plants related to Forsskål can be traced in several institutions, viz.; the Thunberg Herbarium in Uppsala, Retzius Herbarium in Lund, Natural History Museum in London, The Linnean Society of London, University of Kiel, World Museum of Liverpool, Jussieu Herbarium in Paris and the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. Collection of almost 100 dried fish samples, The Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Two autograph-books which Forsskål carried with him during his journeys, The Royal Library, Copenhagen. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence (28 letters to Linnaeus, 1753-1763).
Extra Notes	Forsskål was the first person to describe the unusual plant and animal life of the Red Sea. The German scientist Carsten Niebuhr was the only surviving member of the expedition, he saved the greater part of the expedition’s collection and took it back to Denmark. Forsskål published 1759 Tankar om den borgerliga friheten, (Thoughts on civil freedom) printed in 500 copies (79 copies withdrawn). The book was affected by censorship, for the reason that the government regarded the publication to proclaim dangerous principles upon society. Carl Linnaeus named a non-stinging nettle Forsskaolea to the memory of Forsskål, which also germinated from seeds, which Forsskål had sent home from Egypt. The type of the genus was named F. tenacissima, probably a tribute to Forsskål’s tenacity.
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Andreas Berlin

Date of Birth	20 May 1746.
Place of Birth	Nordviks farmstead, Ångermanland, Sweden.
Date of Death	June 1773.
Place of Death	Isles de Los, Guinea.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	And. Berlin & And. H. (= Henricsson) Berlin (in letters to Linnaeus), Anders Berlin (in article of Erik Hamberg, SLÅ 1994-95).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, royal accountant Henrik Berlin. Mother, Anna Catharina (maiden name, Hellström). Studies, Härnösands gymnasium. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 13 February 1765. He defended a thesis for Linnaeus, “Usus muscorum” (use of mosses) 17 December 1766. He continued his studies in Uppsala until 1770, often as a listener to Linnaeus’ lectures. Berlin received the “Stiglerska stipendiet” 1770, which made it possible for him to travel to London.
Professional Life	Assistant to Joseph Banks in London, from October 1771 and employed for making clean copies of the plant descriptions etc. from James Cook’s first circumnavigation 1768-1771.
Journeys & Voyages	London 1770-1772, where he met with Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander. From London to Banana Islands, West Africa in February 1773, he was employed as assistant by Henry Smeathman.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Unknown.
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	“Description of two plants received from John Miller...” The Linnean Society of London. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence. (Six letters to Linnaeus, the last one dated 15 April 1773, from Sierra Leone).
Extra Notes	Daniel Solander gave a leguminous plant genus from Africa the name Berlinia, as a memory after Andreas Berlin. Andreas Berlin’s short stay in Africa made his scientific achievements insignificant, for the reason of ill health and early death, most likely of tropical fever.
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Adam Afzelius

Date of Birth	7 October 1750.
Place of Birth	Larvs rectory, Västergötland, Sweden.
Date of Death	30 January 1837.
Place of Death	Uppsala, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Not found.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait of Adam Afzelius, miniature by L. H. Roos af Hjelmsäter 1813. [Source; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden]. Oil on canvas 1802, K. F. Breda, Västgöta student society, Uppsala. Portrait of Adam Afzelius, lithograph ca 1800 [Source: Åbo Academy Image Collection, Finland].
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, vicar and dean Arvid Persson Afzelius. Mother, Katarina Brisman. Studies, Skara gymnasium. Student, Uppsala University, he signed in 21 September 1768. He defended a thesis 12 July 1775, Bachelor of philosophy 16 December 1775 and 13 June 1776 together with Master of philosophy 14 June 1776.
Professional Life	Uppsala University. 1. Senior lecturer in Oriental languages, 12 November 1777. 2. Library amanuensis 14 May 1778. 3. Assistant master in philosophy 1 November 1780. 4. Assistant master in medicine and botanices demonstrator, 3 March 1785. 5. Honorary doctor in medicine 1797. 6. Professor in botany 1803-1805. 7. Professor in materia medica and dietetics 4 November 1812. 8. Fil. jubelmagister (person who has held a fil. mag. [Bachelor of philosophy] for 50 years) 1827. Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm 1793 and fellow of several foreign learned societies.
Journeys & Voyages	London 1789, he lived and worked here up to his journey 1792. Scientific expedition; London to Sierra Leone, 1792- 1793, he returned to London to cure ill health. Second scientific expedition; London to Sierra Leone, 1794-1796. (Most of his collections and the diary were ruined during a French attack against the English colony in Sierra Leone, September 1794. Afzelius therefore restarted a new journey 1795 and the plant collecting was resumed). Both journeys to Sierra Leone were financed through Afzelius’ employment as a botanist for the Sierra-Leone Company. After the return from Sierra Leone, he stayed in London 1796-1799 and was employed as a secretary at the Swedish Embassy in London from 24 March 1797. He returned to Sweden 1799, via Christiansand and Christiania [Oslo] in Norway.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Sierra Leone Journals 1795-96. (First published 1967, ed. Peter Kup). Passage from Sierra Leone to London in the Company’s Brig the Eliza Capt. Smyth in the year 1796. (First published in The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure Vol. 4, 2009). Passage from London to Christiania in the Norwegian Ship Fortuna, Cap. Thom. Dorand in the year 1799. (First published in The Linnaeus Apostles - Global Science & Adventure Vol. 4, 2009).
Civil Status & Family	Married, Anna Sofia Dassau, 18 October 1801.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Large collection of herbarium specimens, collected in Sierra Leone 1792-1796. Uppsala Herbaria. Smaller collection of herbarium specimens from Sierra Leone, foremost; Natural History Museum in London, Kew Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden, Bergius Foundation and The Swedish Museum of Natural History both in Stockholm. Collection of zoological specimens from Sierra Leone, The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Plates showing plants collected by Afzelius during his Sierra Leone expeditions. Uppsala University, Institution for Systematic Botany. Coloured copperplate of an African night jar, by Adam Afzelius 1796. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. Ethnographical items from Sierra Leone. The Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Adam Afzelius’ travel journals and a large number of letters. Uppsala University Library. Letters from Afzelius to several persons, British Library, London. “The botanical history of Trifolium...” manuscript by Adam Afzelius. The Linnean Society of London.
Extra Notes	He applied at the age of 78 for the “Linnaeus chair of botany”, but did not receive the position. Afzelius died 1837, as the last of the Linnaeus apostles. The plant genus Afzelia was named by J. E. Smith - the buyer of Linnaeus’ collections and founder of The Linnean Society of London - after Adam Afzelius. The genus contains trees of the leguminous family Caesalpiniaceae. Adam Afzelius collected industriously minerals during his lifetime.
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Anders Sparrman

Date of Birth	27 February 1748.
Place of Birth	Tensta, Uppland, Sweden.
Date of Death	9 August 1820.
Place of Death	Stockholm, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Memorial stamp, the Swedish Post office 1973, portrait of Anders Sparrman, illustrated with a tropical island and ships in the background. Memorial stamp, the French Post office 1986. The stamp depicts James Cook’s map over Tahiti added with portraits of Anders Sparrman and Daniel Solander.
Variations of Name's Spelling	First name sometimes spelled Andreas.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait of Anders Sparrman, miniature by Niclas Lafrensen d.y. [Source; Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden]. Engraving by Hubert, after drawing by M. Mollard, (this depiction was used on the memorial stamp from 1973).
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, dean and vicar, Master of Philosophy Eric Sparrman. Mother, Brita Högbom. Student, Uppsala University 1757, already at the age of nine. The young Sparrman is believed to have alternated between home education and university studies, and was first in full time studies at the university when he was 14 years old. He started medicine studies 1762. Medical exam 1770.
Professional Life	Sparrman took a break in his studies to work as a ship’s doctor’s assistant 1765-1767 on a voyage to China. Doctor of Medicine 1775, in his absence, for the reason of his long voyage from January 1772 until July 1776. After the return from the voyage 1776; Sparrman arranged and classified his large botanical, zoological and ethnographical collections from Africa and visited areas during the circumnavigation. Keeper for the natural history cabinet at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during the period 1777- 1798. He also managed to publish his African travel journal during this period. Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1777, he as well became a fellow of several other Swedish and foreign academies after the voyage. Professor in Stockholm, 1781. Professor in natural history and pharmacy in Stockholm, 1790-1803. Assessor at Collegium medicum in Stockholm 1803. Doctor to the poor in Klara parish in Stockholm 1814. Added to above mentioned work after his voyage 1776; Sparrman published the rest of his travel journal 1802 and 1818, he also published a Swedish ornithology with colour plates during the period 1805-1816 and learned the new engraving technique. He also felt obliged to maintain a reasonable standard of living for his elderly mother and unmarried sisters.
Journeys & Voyages	Ship’s doctor’s assistant Swedish East India Company, on the ship Stockholms Slott to India and China 1765-1767. (The journey was financed with his employment onboard). He travelled 10 January 1772 from Gothenburg and arrived 12 April in Cape with the Swedish East India Company ship Stockholm Slott, on its way to China. (Sparrman got a free voyage with the help of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ contacts with the directors at the Swedish East India Company, for the reason that his journey was seen as “scientifically useful”. Sparrman’s first period in the Cape area was on the other hand financed with a combination of scholarships and his employment as tutor). He studied natural- and social history in the southern reaches of Africa, when in the vicinity of Cape Town. Sparrman’s stay in the Cape was interrupted sooner than he had expected, when he got a new travel offer which he could not refuse. He was asked to join James Cook on his second circumnavigation of the earth (1772-1775). Two ships were used for the expedition, Resolution and Adventure. His work involved helping with research and mapping the Southern Ocean, New Zealand, Oceania and the South American coast. They visited; New Zealand, French Polynesia, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Easter Islands, Marquesas Islands and Argentina. (Sparrman was employed as a paid botanical assistant to the naturalists, Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster on the ship Resolution). James Cook’s ships sailed from Cape 22 November 1772 and was back in Cape 22 March 1775. Sparrman and his fellow travellers had to cope with many difficulties during the long voyage; primarily the cold, only six months of nearly two and half years was spent on land and many of the plants had already been “discovered” by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander during the previous circumnavigation. Sparrman continued after the return to Cape in March 1775 with his botanical and zoological observations in the southernmost Africa. He also travelled inland on an almost one year long journey, longer than any European before him. Besides his natural history studies, he took great interest in the inhabitants traditions and collected ethnographica and he prepared a map of the colony. Sparrman returned to Sweden in May 1776, and sailed with the same East India ship Stockholms Slott , as he had travelled with four years earlier. He returned to Gothenburg 29 June 1776. Sparrman travelled to England during a couple of months 1776-1777, to arrange the collections from the circumnavigation together with Johann Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster. Sparrman travelled to West Africa and primarily Senegal 1787-1788, for the reason to find a suitable place for a Swedish colonisation, but he and his company had no success with their plans.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His travel diaries were published in four languages between 1783 and 1818. Resa till Goda Hopps-Udden, södra Polkretsen och omkring Jordklotet, samt till Hottentott- och Caffer-Landen Åren 1772-1776. Vol. 1. 1783, Vol II.1 1802, Vol. II. 2 1818. Tal om den tilväxt och nytta, som Vetenskaperne i allmänhet, särdeles Natural-Historien, redan vunnit och ytter- ligare kunna vinna, genom undersökningar i Söder-hafvet. Praesiddii-Tal i Kongl. Vetenskaps Academien 1778. (Printed speech held at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences related to Sparrman’s long journey).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried, but lived with a lady and had a daughter by her.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Large ethnographical collections from Sparrman’s four year long journey are kept in Stockholm at the Museum of Ethnography. “Drawing of a Sepia..., Drawing of fishes..., Two pencil drawings of a crab..., A description of a plant..., manuscripts by Sparrman and letters from Sparrman to Carl Linnaeus, The Linnean Society of London. Water colours depicting plants collected by Sparrman together with father and son Forster during the circumnavigation. Water colours by Georg Forster. National History Museum, Botany Library, London. Herbarium plants collected by Sparrman can be studied in several collections, foremost; Retzius herbarium in Lund, The Swedish Natural History Museum and Bergius Herbarium both in Stockholm, Uppsala University Herbarium, The Cathedral school in Linköping, Komarov Institute in St Petersburg and The Linnean Society of London. Zoological specimens collected by Sparrman, The Swedish Museum of Natural History, including the now extinct quagga. Sparrman’s private papers, correspondence, field notes, journals etc. all is believed to have disappeared around the time of his death 1820. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence (11 letters from Sparrman to Linnaeus, 1771-1775).
Extra Notes	Sparrman was hard-working, but much of his scientific observations came in the shadow of the contemporary apostle Carl Peter Thunberg, who also visited Cape, published his scientific results and ideas more frequently than Sparrman and besides became the successor to the Chair of Botany after Carl Linné the younger. The African plant Sparrmania africana, a tree of the linden family, Tiliaceae, was named by Carl Linné the younger after Anders Sparrman. It is well known in cultivation, also as an indoor pot plant.
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Carl Peter Thunberg

Date of Birth	11 November 1743.
Place of Birth	Jönköping, Småland, Sweden.
Date of Death	8 August 1828.
Place of Death	Uppsala, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Yes. Thunberg’s memorial stone, Uppsala churchyard. Memorial monument in Nagasaki, honouring E. Kaempfer & C. P. Thunberg, erected by Siebold 1826. Medallion with Thunberg’s portrait, dated 1818. Uppsala University. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ memorial coin from 1832 as a memory of Thunberg.
Variations of Name's Spelling	First name sometimes Karl Petter.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait of Carl Peter Thunberg; German etching, published in ‘Journal für die Botanik’, Vol. 1. in Göttingen 1799. [Source; Jens Hansen/The Library, The IK Foundation & Company, United Kingdom]. Oil on canvas by Per Krafft the younger c. 1808. Thunberg depicted as a 65 year old man. Uppsala University, and another copy at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Copper plate by S. Westermayr, undated. The plate shows Thunberg in his 40s, during the 1780s. Copper plate of Thunberg depicted in full figure at his visit in Edo, Japan 1776, dressed in braided gallooned dress with sword. Portrait bust of the same engraving as the above mentioned depiction from Edo 1776, but on this portrait Thunberg is surrounded by mountains, trees and flowering plants. The portrait can be seen in the French edition from the 1790s of Thunberg’s travel journal. Bust by Göthe of Thunberg as an elderly man (made from his death mask). Uppsala Botanical museum. Portrait of Thunberg, added with his signature and a dedication to a student on the 12 December 1816. The Latin text, translated into English; “Trust God and He will uphold you, when you least expect it”. The portrait was published in the paper ‘Magasin för Konst, Nyheter och Moden’. Tidningsskrift, 5, Stockholm 1828. Etching based on Pehr Krafft the younger’s oil on canvas from c. 1808, published in ‘Svenskt Pantheon’, Stockholm 1832. (This is one of several etchings based on Krafft’s painting). Portrait of Carl Peter Thunberg by Jacob Fredrik Ek, circa 1820-25. Vetenskapsakademiens porträttsamling. Public Domain.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, bookkeeper and shopkeeper Johan Thunberg. Mother, Margaretha Starkman. Carl Peter’s father died when he was seven and his mother carried on the work with the family’s shop. She remarried 1753 with Gabriel Forsberg, also he a shopkeeper. Thunberg started school in a so called apologist class in Jönköping. He progressed to the trivial school in Jönköping at the age of 12, alongside private tutoring. Student, Uppsala University 1761. He introduced his studies with theology and philosophy and continued with medicine and chemistry to a total of nine years. He was most interested in natural history and medicine, studied under Linnaeus. Defended his medical thesis ‘De venis absorbentibus’ 1767. Graduate in Medicine 1769. Bachelor of Medicine 1770. Thunberg defended a doctor’s thesis in medicine on sciatica 1770. He was conferred to Doctor in Medicine in his absence, 1772. (Thunberg had started his nine year long journey 1770).
Professional Life	Thunberg’s professional life started with a nine year long scientific journey between the years 1770-1779. (See, ‘Journeys and Voyages’). Thunberg returned to Uppsala 1779, where he continued to work for the rest of his life. Much had changed at his return home, especially that Carl Linnaeus had passed away the year before. Thunberg entered upon the employment as “botanices demonstrator”, and was appointed Professor in botany 1781. 1784, Thunberg was appointed the botanical professor’s duty “the Chair of botany” after Linnaeus’ son Carl Linné the younger, an employment Thunberg kept for the rest of his life (1828). 1785, Thunberg donated all his natural history collections to Uppsala University. Thunberg also established a new botanical garden in Uppsala with the support of King Gustav III, and additionally founded a new building for a museum, opened 1807. Thunberg’s own herbarium is kept here, besides other collections. Thunberg was during his lifetime honoured to become fellow of c. 65 learned societies, in Sweden as well as other countries.
Journeys & Voyages	Thunberg started his long journey on the 13 August 1770. He travelled by land from Uppsala to Helsingborg in the south of Sweden where he took a boat to Copenhagen and continued toward Amsterdam. (This part of the journey was financed with a scholarship). He arrived to Amsterdam in October 1770, where he stayed for a year with the botanists Johannes and Nicolaas Laurens Burman, Thunberg’s work here was primarily to examine plants and cataloging. The botanists understood quickly that Thunberg was a very competent botanist and decided to send him on a longer botanical journey with a Dutch East India Company ship. During his period in Holland, Thunberg also made a trip to Paris to study the practise of medicine. The next part of Thunberg’s travels included a voyage to Japan - for that reason he had to ‘appear as Dutch’ and learn the language as they were the only Europeans who could entry the country. The language practise took its place in the Dutch colony of Cape, so Thunberg sailed with a Dutch East India Company ship on the 30 December 1771 towards Cape and arrived three and a half months later. (His journey was from this point financed by the Burmans in Amsterdam and other Dutch sponsors, at the same time as Thunberg helped out as assistant surgeon during his travels on the different East India ships. However, he also had to borrow money at several occasions during his time in Africa to be able to fulfill his botanical assignments). Thunberg stayed in Cape and performed three longer journeys inland and along the coasts to study natural history, 11 April 1771 to 2 March 1775. He sailed towards Java on the 2 March 1775 and arrived 18 May to Batavia, where he stayed for a month before continuing his journey with the Dutch East India Company to Japan, where he spent fifteen months studying flora and making other observations. On his return from Japan he first made a stop for half a year at Java and here after for a similar period at Ceylon, what is now known as Sri Lanka. His journey back to Europe started 6 February 1778 towards Cape, after a shorter stay in Africa, the ship sailed towards Texel in Holland and arrived here 1 October the same year. Before Thunberg returned to his home country, London was visited during a few months, from here the journey continued via the Netherlands, Germany and arriving at the southernmost part of Sweden in Ystad on the 14 of March 1779. He is considered to have been the greatest botanist of his day and organised large collections from a number of European countries.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His travel diaries were published in four languages between 1788 and 1796. Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, förrättad åren 1770-1779. Vol. I 1788, Vol. II 1789, Vol. III 1791, Vol. IV 1793. Flora Japonica, 1784. Flora Capensis, Vol. I. 1807-1813 and Vol. 2. 1818-1820, complete edition (by J.E. Schultes) 1823. Tal om Japanska Nationen, hållet för Kongl. Vetenskaps Academien. Praesidii-Tal i Kongl. Vetenskaps Academien, 1784. (Printed speech held at The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences related to Thunberg’s journey to Japan). Thunberg also published a very substantial amount of small theses after his long journey, foremost concerning observations relating to natural history matters in Japan, Africa, Java and Sri Lanka.
Civil Status & Family	He married Birgitta Charlotta Ruda, 1784. The couple had no children of their own, but adopted two children and Carl Peter also took a third foster-child after his wife’s death 1813.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Collection of “Thunbergiana”; 26 boxes with notes, manuscripts, papers, copies etc. relating to scientific work during Thunberg’s life. Uppsala University Library. Carl Peter Thunberg’s microscope, purchased by Adam Afzelius in London for £21, 11 May 1790. Uppsala University, Institution for Systematic Botany. Extensive collections of letters; Uppsala University Library, Thunberg’s letter collection and The Royal Academy of Sciences, manuscripts and letter collections in Stockholm. Thunberg’s extensive natural history collections; 27.500 plant specimens, 25.000 insects, 6.000 molluscs and shells, 300 mammals, 1.200 birds etc. Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution and Zoological Museum. Duplicates from Thunberg’s natural history collection can primarily be found in; The Swedish Museum of Natural History and Bergius herbarium both in Stockholm, The Swedish high school herbaria in Karlstad, Linköping and Skara, the Acharius and Retzius herbaria in University of Lund, The Natural History Museum in London, Conservatoire botanique in Geneva, Sonder and Lehmann herbaria in Melbourne University, The Botanical Museum in Helsinki and The Linnean Society of London. Two weapons once belonged to Thunberg; no. 150. flintlock gun 18th century, with inscription on the barrel, “C. P. Thunberg” and on the lock “Nortelie” and no. 151. broad-axe with pistol, flint-lock. Museum Gustavianum in Uppsala. Ethnographical collection c. 100 items as Thunberg collected during his stay in Japan. Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Coin collection, Monetary Museum, Stockholm. “Descriptions of five plants..., Beskrifning på et nytt Örtegenus, kalladt Rademachia..., Genera nova Capensia..., Diagnoses of plants sent with letters to Linnaeus..., brevväxling”, manuscripts by Thunberg, The Linnean Society of London. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence.
Extra Notes	Thunberg stands out as one of the most productive scientists of the 17 apostles, as well as he systematically organised his extensive collections to posterity. For the reason of his significant contributions to natural history and particularly in botany, he has been named “The Father of South African botany” and “Japan’s Linnaeus”. A notable number of plants and insects have been named after Carl Peter Thunberg, for example; the plant genus Thunbergia Retz. with about 200 species, hundreds of plants named thunbergii or thunbergianuas and many animals, i.e. the northerly species of yellow wagtail Motacilla flava thunbergi and a Japanese butterfly Papilio memnon thunbergi Siebold.
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Pehr Osbeck

Date of Birth	9 May 1723.
Place of Birth	Oset, Hålanda, Västergötland, Sweden.
Date of Death	23 December 1805.
Place of Death	Hasslöv, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Grave-stone, Hasslöv’s churchyard, simple stone with carved inscription ‘P.O. 1761.’ (The stone is believed to has been carved by himself during this year). In connection to this carved stone a memorial stone was erected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1927, as a memory of Pehr Osbeck with the text. “Linnés lärjunge Prosten i Hasslöv Teol. Dr. Pehr Osbeck 1723- 1805” and “ K. Vetenskapsakademien reste vården 1927”.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Unknown.
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Portrait of Osbeck, probably painted by the artist Magnus Lindgren; hanging in Hasslövs church, Halland, Sweden. [Source; Lars Hansen/The IK Foundation & Company, United Kingdom].
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, crofter Hans Andersson. Mother, Rangela (Ragnhild) Andersdotter. Gothenburg Cathedral school 1733. (Osbeck came from a poor home and his father died when the boy was eight, still he managed to get financial help with his studies). Gothenburg gymnasium 1740. Student, Uppsala University signed in 20 September 1745. Osbeck studied primarily for a priesthood, but also natural history under Linnaeus. Ordained priest, 12 October 1750.
Professional Life	Tutor for district judge Ekskiöld’s children in Örmanäs 1747-1749. He also had the possibility to make botanical excursions and collecting plants parallel with this employment. Ship’s priest, Swedish East India Company’s ship Prins Carl to Canton in China from 27 November 1750 to 26 June 1752. Household chaplain, botanicus and tutor; employed by count Carl Gustaf Tessin, Åkerö 1753-1758. Fellow of Royal Society of Sciences, Uppsala 1757. Fellow of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 1758. Fellow of Academia caes. natura curiosum 1772. Fellow of Physiographic Society in Lund 1773. Parson in the parishes of Hasslöv and Våxtorp, from 3 May 1758. Vicar in the same parishes, from 11 August 1760. Rural dean in part of Laholm’s diocese, from the year 1773. Fellow of The Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Gothenburg 1775. Fellow of the Royal Patriotic Society 1775. He was promoted theological doctor at Uppsala University, 6 June 1779.
Journeys & Voyages	Ship’s priest, Swedish East India Company’s ship Prins Carl to Canton in China from 27 November 1750 to 26 June 1752. The ship also anchored at Cadiz, Java and Ascension during the voyage. (The journey was financed with his employment as ship’s priest).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	The accounts of his travels were published in four languages between the years 1757-1771. Dagbok öfwer en ostindisk Resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752, Stockholm 1757. Anledningar Til nyttig Upmärksamhet Under chinesiska Resor...Inträdes-tal den 25 Februarii, 1758. Af Pehr Osbeck. (Written speach concerning his travels to China).
Civil Status & Family	Married, Susanna Dahlberg 29 August 1758 in Hasslöv. Eight children. One son, Carl Gustaf Osbeck (1766- 1841) made two voyages with the Eastindiaman “Gustaf Adolph” as a ship’s doctor and collected plants in the Cape, East India and China.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Pehr Osbeck’s well-preserved chest (private ownership today, see Volume One pp. 254-255), Osbeck’s own notes on the purchase of this chest is described in his travel journal. Herbarium plants, c. 600 specimens, Linnean Society, London. Other collections of herbarium plants related to Osbeck, foremost; The Swedish Museum of Natural History and Bergius Herbarium both in Stockholm, Botanical Museum at Lund University, Cathedral school Jönköping. Preserved fish, National History department, British Museum, London. Catalogue of herbarium plants and plants cultivated by Osbeck from his garden in Hasslöv; Agardh Collection, Botanical Museum, Lund University. Letter of authority concerning Pehr Osbeck’s employment as ship’s priest on the Swedish East India Company’s ship, 1750. The main part of Pehr Osbeck’s letter collection in seven volumes and the “Osbergska samlingen” in which manuscripts Osbeck relate to the circumstances in the parish of Hasslöv. The regional state archive in Lund. Original manuscript for his work on “Djur och Natur i Halland”, and a smaller amount of letters, Gothenburg University Library. Original manuscript of Osbeck’s auto-biography and a smaller amount of letters, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. “Beskrifning öfwer örlogsfoglen..., list of herbarium, water colour drawings of moths and their larvae, and spiders...”, manuscripts by Osbeck, The Linnean Society of London. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence (42 letters from Linnaeus to Osbeck, 1750- 1773 and 29 letters from Osbeck to Linnaeus, 1751-1772).
Extra Notes	Carl Linnaeus named the flower Osbeckia chinensis after Osbeck, a species of family Melastomataceae found by the traveller during his journey in the outskirts of Canton. Today the genus comprises about 100 species. Osbeck got an offer of a second voyage with the Swedish East India Company as ship’s priest, but declined the offer due to health reasons. Osbeck was a very industrious person and during his almost 50 years in Hasslöv - besides his priesthood duties - he had time for observations concerning; botany, zoology and social circumstances on the countryside of the county Halland. Related to these observations, he published the book Utkast til Beskrifning öfver Laholms Prosteri 1796. Pehr Osbeck also wrote detailed auto-biographical notes; “Lefwernes Beskrifning författad af honom sjelf år 1782
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Olof Torén

Date of Birth	1 October 1718.
Place of Birth	Sätila, Västergötland, Sweden.
Date of Death	17 August 1753.
Place of Death	Näsinge, Bohuslän, Sweden.
Monuments Medals Etc.	His grave is not preserved at Näsinge church.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Olavus Torén (in his signature).
Preserved signature	Yes. In a list at Gothenburg’s student society at Uppsala University.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, head of the county constabulary Bengt Torén. Mother, Magdalena Olufsdotter Brandtberg. The family moved in 1720 to Sämbs - in a neighbouring county - when his father got a new employment in the jurisdictional districts of Kinds and Redväg. Olof was the oldest among eight siblings. In younger years, Olof was most probably educated at home. Göteborgs gymnasium, signed in 5 February 1734. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 6 September 1737. His primarily studies were for the priesthood, but he had also a deep interest in natural history. Ordained priest, 16 December 1747.
Professional Life	Torén probably worked as a tutor - in conjunction with his studies - during his 10 year long period at Uppsala. Torén was employed as a ship’s priest on the Swedish East India Company ship Hoppet on a voyage to Canton in China from 26 January 1748 until 11 July 1749. Torén was employed as ship’s priest a second time on the Swedish East India Company ship Götha Leijon on a voyage to Surat in India and Canton in China from 22 February 1750 until 26 July 1752, the ship also anchored at Madeira and Ascension. After his return to Gothenburg in July 1752 his health was weakened. He stayed for a shorter period in Strömstad, but soon moved back to the closely situated Näsinge - where he had relatives and friends - when his illness worsened. During this time he wrote the seven letters to Linnaeus, which shaped his short travel journal from the second East India journey. The last letter was written 3 May 1753, a couple of months before Torén’s death.
Journeys & Voyages	Journey to Canton in China in The Swedish East India Company’s ship Hoppet, 26 January 1748 to 11 July 1749. (His journey was financed by his employment as ship’s priest). Journey to Surat in India and Canton in China, The Swedish East India Company’s ship Götha Leijon, 22 February 1750 to 26 July 1752. (His journey was financed by his employment as ship’s priest).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	En Ostindisk Resa Til Suratte, China &c. Från 1750 April 1. til 1752. Jun. 26 Förrättad af Olof Torén... (This travel narrative - the seven letters to Linnaeus - was published as an appendix in Pehr Osbeck’s travel journal).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Two samples of herbarium plants - “Torenia asiatica” - collected in Canton 1748 by Torén to Linnaeus. The Linnean Society of London.
Extra Notes	Linnaeus named a plant family Torenia to the memory of Torén, after an unknown herb as Torén sent him during his first East India journey. Linnaeus considered Torén “as was of his character gifted with a clever genius” and further more a promising botanist.
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Carl Fredrik Adler

Date of Birth	30 September, 1720.
Place of Birth	Näsby, Almby, Örebro [today], Sweden.
Date of Death	1761.
Place of Death	Java, Indonesia.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Carl Fridrich Adler, (in his ship’s doctor’s journal and in letters to Linnaeus).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, military man Niclas Adler. Mother, Brita Adler (nee Geijer). Student, Uppsala University 15 February 1742. He studied medicine for Carl Linnaeus and Nils Rosén until his first East India voyage in January 1748. He continued his studies after the voyage – Autumn 1749 - Summer 1752. Adler defended a thesis for Linnaeus, 9 July 1752, Noctiluca marina.
Professional Life	Ship’s doctor, The Swedish East India Company.
Journeys & Voyages	1748-1749 Canton, The Swedish East India Company, the ship Hoppet. 1753-1756 Suratte and Canton, The Swedish East India Company, the ship Prins Carl. 1759-1760 Canton, The Swedish East India Company, the ship Prins Friedric Adolph. 1761 Canton, The Swedish East India Company, the ship Prins Friedric Adolph. (Adler’s voyages were financed with his employment as a ship’s doctor).!
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	Thesis concerning observations during his voyages to China and Indonesia, with regards to the sea water’s phosphorus light. “Noctiluca marina” 9 July 1752. His ship’s doctor’s journal was published posthumously by Paul Hallberg & S. Bertil Olsson ed. (Kungl. Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhället) En ostindiefarande fältskärs berättelse – Carl Fredrik Adlers journal från skeppet Prins Carl 1753-56, Göteborg 2013.
Civil Status & Family	Married, Brita Christina Andersdotter Fahlbeck, January 1758, [probably] Göteborg.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Manuscript; ‘Skeppsläkarjournal förd av Carl Fridrich Adler under Svenska Ostindiska Kompaniets resa med skeppet Prins Carl till Indien och Kina 1753-56.’ (Private ownership). Two herbarium samples, Linnaean Herbarium, Stockholm. Letter, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence.
Extra Notes	He sent a number of natural-history specimens back to Sweden. New facts about Carl Fredrik Adler’s life have been clarified, with assistance of the publishing of his Ship’s Doctor’s Journal in 2013 (Hallberg, P. & Olsson S.B. ed., see above).
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Christopher Tärnström

Date of Birth	20 May 1711.
Place of Birth	Funbo parish, Uppland, Sweden.
Date of Death	4 December 1746.
Place of Death	The island of Pulo-Condore (Con-Dao), Vietnam.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Unknown.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Ternström (in some older literature, but he wrote Tärnström himself ).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Unknown.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, farmer equipping a cavalry soldier, Andreas Tärnström. Mother, Margaretha Bille. The family had eight children. The young Tärnström was most likely educated at home, before he started his studies in Uppsala. Student, Uppsala University, he signed in 17 December 1724. Tärnström studied theology and natural history. Defended his thesis concerning the history of Åland “Specimen historicum, De Alandia, Maris Baltici insula” 1 December 1739. Ordained priest 4 December 1739. Master of Philosophy, disputation of his second part of the history, geography, botany and zoology of Ålands “Dissertatio Academica, De Alandia, Maris Baltici insula”, 27 November 1745.
Professional Life	Tärnström worked as tutor during his university studies for long periods, particularly on Åland where he was employed for several years. He was employed as school master in Östhammar after finishing his long period of studies, autumn 1739. Schoolmaster in Vaxholm, 1741-1743. Tärnström applied - with the recommendation of Linnaeus - already during the autumn 1744 for an employment as ship’s priest on one of the Swedish East India Company ships, but did not succeed this year. However, he became employed the following year, on 16 October 1745 and travelled with the ship Calmar early in 1746.
Journeys & Voyages	Ship’s priest on The Swedish East India Company ship Calmar, 13 February 1746 until 4 December when he died, the ship also anchored in Cadiz and Java before they arrived at the island of Polu-Condore. (The journey was financed with his employment as ship’s priest and a scholarship. This scholarship was secured by Linnaeus and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, and was supposed to be used at the arrival at Canton - which never became realised for Tärnström - for the natural history collection work. This important part of Tärnström’s assignment was meticulously described in his ‘instruction’ from The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences).
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	His diary, ‘Resejournaler 1745 - 1746’ - is part of a collection in Uppsala University Library in Sweden - was published posthumously by IK Foundation & Company in The Mundus Linnæi Series - No: 1. Christopher Tärnströms Journal. En resa mellan Europa och Sydostasien år 1746 (A passage between Europe and East Asia in the year 1746), by Kristina Söderpalm (Editor Lars Hansen). 2005.
Civil Status & Family	Tärnström married Sara Christina Schick in the year 1739. Their daughter Margaretha Christina was born 2 October 1740, but his wife died during the summer of 1741. He remarried Brigitta Stenhoff - probably 1742 - for the reason that their first daughter was baptised 2 November 1743. A second daughter in this marriage - Anna Maria - was born approximately two years later and baptised 21 November 1745.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Tärnström’s journal, Uppsala University Library, manuscript department, Ihre collection. Botanical and Zoological specimens collected by Tärnström, The Linnean Society of London. Plant collections from the outward journey were sent from Cadiz to Stockholm, as well as seeds which germinated in Uppsala; altogether Linnaeus received about 25 species for the Hortus upsaliensis. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence.
Extra Notes	As the first Linnaeus apostle Tärnström sailed with the Swedish East India Company in 1746. He died on the island of Pulo-Condore, off the coast of what is now Vietnam, where he had worked for just two months. After the death of Tärnström, Linnaeus only selected young unmarried men for the long scientific voyages. This decision was primarily made upon the fact that Tärnström’s widow got financial difficulties and Linnaeus felt some obligation towards the family’s poor economical situation. He did not want to put himself in such a position again. A tropical plant genus was named by Linnaeus to the memory of Tärnström,viz. Ternstroemia, the genus has c. 15 species of tropical shrubs and belongs in the family Pentaphylacaceae.
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Daniel Solander

Date of Birth	19 February 1733.
Place of Birth	Piteå, Gammelstad, Norrbotten, Sweden.
Date of Death	8 May 1782.
Place of Death	London, England.
Monuments Medals Etc.	Memorial stone, Woking close to London, erected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 1913. Memorial stone, erected 1914 in Botany Bay, Australia, besides James Cook’s monument. Memorial stamp, the French Post office 1986. The stamp depicts James Cook’s map over Tahiti added with portraits of Daniel Solander and Anders Sparrman. Memorial stamps 2001, distributed at the same time by the Swedish and Australian Post Offices. One of the stamps depicting Daniel Solander at his working desk and the other the ship Endeavour.
Variations of Name's Spelling	Solander signed some of his letters, with his first name in an abbreviated form or with the first letter of his middle name, (Dan. Solander or Daniel C. Solander).
Preserved signature	In correspondence.
Portrait	Solander can be studied on both portraits and group-pictures, in a wide range of representations made during his life time as well as long after his death. Portrait of Daniel Solander, lithograph; after an oil painting from 1777 by John (Johann) Zoffany. [Source; Rare Book and Fine Printing Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand]. Oil on canvas 1768 by Thomas Luny. Depicting the bark Earl of Pembroke later Endeavour, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. National Library of Australia. Painting 1772 by John Clevely, depicting Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander in an Icelandic house. The Linnean Society of London, England. Oil on canvas c. 1776 by John (Johann) Zoffany. The Linnean Society of London. Oil on canvas c. 1776 by William Parry. “Banks introduces Omai to Solander”. National museums and Galleries of Wales. Copy in The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Oil on canvas c. 1777 by James Cleveby. Discovery and Resolution at an island in the Pacific. National Library of Australia. Oil on canvas by John Hamilton Mortimer (1740-79). Captain Cook, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander among others depicted. National Library of Australia. Oil on canvas 1902 by Phillips Fox. Landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay, Solander is one of the depicted. National Gallery of Victoria. Miniature paining of Solander by Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki. Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. Medallion of Daniel Solander, made by Josiah Wedgwood’s manufacture. Private ownership, Sweden.
Childhood, Adolescence & Education	Father, vicar Carl Solander. Mother, Magdalena Bostadia. Piteå trivial school. Student, Uppsala University, signed in 18 July 1750. Solander stayed at his well-to-do uncle’s house - also named Daniel Solander - during his time as a student in Uppsala. The young Solander studied initially language and humanity, but two years later he began to concentrate on natural history studies. Solander continued his studies alternating with helping Linnaeus in primarily botanical matters. He left Uppsala 1759, but never took any degrees.
Professional Life	Summer 1752; Solander accompanied Linnaeus to Drottningholm’s Castle and helped out with the organising of Queen Lovisa Ulrika’s Cabinet of Natural History. Christmas time 1752; Solander and Linnaeus organised Carl Gustav Tessin’s Cabinet of Natural History in Stockholm. Summer 1753; Solander and Linnaeus travelled to Ulriksdal - another Royal Castle - classifying and organising its collections. Solander managed to build up a significant private library, herbarium and cabinet of natural history during his years in Uppsala. At his arrival to London in June 1760 and the following half year; Solander became acquainted with many influential people, learned to know the surroundings, the language, visited botanical gardens and made observations concerning natural history. With his scholarships received when still in Sweden (see below), he could fulfill two botanical journeys in the south of England. The first lasted from 20 December 1760 to early February 1761 and the second from midsummer 1761 to 10 August the same year. After his journeys 1760 and 1761, the botanical material was classified and organised in London. He was also assisted by John Ellis in his work, but Solander was in need to find a more secure income. February 1763; Solanders life became more organised and financially more secure, when he started his employment at the British Museum with cataloguing the museum’s natural history collection. A position he held up to his death in 1782, only with interruptions for the journeys with Joseph Banks. Fellow of the Royal Society, June 1764. Solander also became acquainted with the rich and influential Joseph Banks who shared Solander’s deep botanical interest. They soon became close friends, which also later opened up the possibility for Solander to assist Banks during James Cook’s first circumnavigation. Honorary Doctor in November 1771, Oxford University, England. Fellow of the Medical Society of London, England. c. 1773. Fellow of The Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden, 1773.
Journeys & Voyages	Summer 1753; Solander travelled to Piteå and Piteå nomadic Laplander’s territory to collect plants. Summer 1755; Solander accomplished a new botanical journey to Lapland. Solander left Uppsala in March 1759 travelling towards London via Helsingör in Denmark. However he became very ill on his journey through the southern part of Sweden, in a type of malaria called “Uppsala fever”. He was bedridden and convalescent in Ramlösa and the neighbourhood of Helsingborg for almost a year. Eventually Solander continued his journey with a ship from Helsingör 30 May 1760 and arrived in London 29 June 1760. (The journey was primarily financed with two scholarships. The royal scholarship ”Stipendium regium”, and the aristocratic family Piper’s scholarship “Stipendium piperianum”). Solander stayed in London and neighbouring counties from June 1760 to August 1768. (See this period above; ‘Professional life’). Solander sailed with James Cook on the Endeavour between 25 August 1768 and 12 July 1771. This was Cook’s first circumnavigation of the Earth. The trip, which included visits to Madeira, Brazil, Argentina, French Polynesia, New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Java, South Africa and St Helena, resulted in numerous natural science and social science discoveries. At the arrival to England the botanists carried with them; 30.300 plants divided into 3.607 species, 110 plant families and 1.400 species earlier unknown. Furthermore large amounts of samples of birds, molluscs, fish and shells. (Solander’s journey was financed through his employment as a botanical assistant for Joseph Banks). Banks and Solander had made considerable plans to participate in James Cook’s second circumnavigation sailing 1772, but the journey never became realised for the two botanists. Banks decided instead to make a scientific journey to the Hebrides and Iceland during the same year, and Solander became once again employed as an assistant for a botanical expedition. The ship sailed from London 12 July 1772 via the west coast of England and Scotland towards Iceland. The return journey was taken via Orkney to Leith close to Edinburgh, from there the company travelled by land to London and arrived 19 or 20 November the same year.
Travel Diaries & Other Publications in Connection with the Journeys & Voyages	The results of his expeditions were not published during his lifetime. He kept no diary during his two journeys, but many others have described Solander and his work, both contemporary and later writers. On the other hand a rich amount of material is preserved from Solander’s hand, relating to natural history - and particularly botanical observations - from his journeys (see below).
Civil Status & Family	Unmarried.
Preserved Collections & Manuscripts	Botanical journals written by Daniel Solander on the ship Endeavour. National History Museum, Botany Library, London. Letters from Solander to several persons and a Diary & Occurrences-book of the British Museum. British Library, London. “Ekebergia Capensis..., descriptions of 13 species..., list of Swedish plants..., descriptions of 43 insects..., various botanical notes...”, manuscripts by Daniel Solander, The Linnean Society of London. Notes from the Icelandic journey concerning natural history observations, letters from Solander to Banks, lists and manuscripts from Solander’s and Bank’s two journeys. Further more a manuscript describing 369 herbarium plants “Index Plantarum Capensium”, by Daniel Solander. British Museum, National History department, London. Solander’s zoological cataloguing at the British Museum are bound in 27 volumes. Solander followed Linnaeus’ “Systema Naturae” in his classification work. The main part of the species described was not collected by himself - with some exceptions - especially insects found during the circumnavigation. This collection also includes preserved fish samples in alcohol, attached with Solander’s notes. British Museum, Natural History, Department of Zoology, London. “Banks Florilegium”, 743 botanical line engravings produced after the water colours of the artist Sidney Parkinson during the circumnavigation. Solander had an important part in both the collection and classification of the illustrated plants. The very fine line engravings were made under personal direction of Joseph Banks 1772- 1784. British Museum, Botany Library, London. Ethnographical notes relating to Tahiti carried out by foremost Banks and Solander during the circumnavigation. The University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. Marsden collection. Letters from Solander to Banks. Mitchell Library, New South Wales, Australia. ‘Banks collection’. During the circumnavigation Banks together with Solander collected ethnographical items included in this collection. There is however some uncertainty if Solander was involved in the collection work, or if he only took part in the cataloguing. The Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm, Sweden. Large collection of herbarium plants collected by Solander and other participants during the circumnavigation. British Musuem. Botany department. London. Herbarium plants collected by Solander and other participants during the circumnavigation. Duplicates of this rich collection can be found in many collections world wide, foremost; The Swedish Museum of Natural History, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Bergius Herbarium, Stockholm, Cathedral school in Linköping, The Linnean Society of London and in wide spread herbaria in Cambridge, Edinburgh, Copenhagen, St. Louis, Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Patagonia, Brazil etc. Plant specimens collected by Solander in Sweden are mainly in; Swedish Museum of Natural History (including the Linnaean Herbarium) and the Bergius Foundation in Stockholm. Smaller amounts of specimens; in the Thunberg Herbarium in Uppsala and The Linnean Society of London. Letters, The Linnean Society of London, Linnean Correspondence (9 letters from Linnaeus, 1753-1762 and 29 letters from Solander to Linnaeus, 1753-1768).
Extra Notes	Daniel Solander is the most portrayed among the seventeen apostles. He is also internationally well known for the reason of his participation in James Cook’s first circumnavigation and close friendship to Joseph Banks. A group of islands south of New Zealand has been named after Daniel Solander, the Solander Islands. The most southerly point of Botany Bay, is called Cape Solander. The plant genus Solandra Swartz in the Solanaceae family includes the magnificent Solandra grandiflora Swartz. Hundreds of plants and animals are named solandri, solandrana and the like in his honour. The library at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney is named after Solander, Solander Library. Daniel Solander is seen as a pioneer museologist, who organised the British Museum’s natural history collections after a structured catalogue system. Also the well known Solander box honouring the memory of Solander. Solander had most possibly - when leaving Sweden - only plans for staying in London for a shorter period; for the reason that he left his library, herbarium and cabinet of natural history behind in Uppsala. However, Solander never returned to his home country; neither for professional or family reasons.
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